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• Kiyokawa, S.; Katagami, A.; Ito, T.; Ikehara, M.; Kitajima, F. 2005-12-01 The 3.2-Ga Dixon Island Formation in the Cleaverville Group of the coastal Pilbara terrane, Australia, is one of the most complete and best-preserved examples of middle Archean oceanic stratigraphy. Field observations and geochemical evidence suggest that this formation contains a low-temperature hydrothermal-vent system with a biogenic microbial colony from the Archean ocean. The Dixon Island Formation is approximately 350 m thick and consists of the Rhyolite Tuff, Black Chert and Varicolored Chert members, in ascending order. The Rhyolite Tuff Member contains many vein swarms, such as fine quartz vein and two black-chert veins with in highly altered rhyolite tuff layers. This vein rich and highly altered vein zones are identified as an underground bypass zone for circulating hydrothermal fluid. The Black Chert Member, which is 10 - 15 m thick, is composed of massive black chert, laminated black chert, dark greenish siliceous shale, stromatolite-like biomat bed and tuffaceous laminated chert.

The absence of detrital sediment of continental origin and the many vein injections imply that this sedimentary facies represents a pelagic hydrothermal environment at about 500 - 2000 m in paleodepth, and may have been on the slope of an immature island arc. More then 500 samples of detail chemical anarysis from black chert veins and black chert bed suggest that the total organic carbon (TOC) value of massive black chert in the lower part of the Black Chert Member is higher (TOC=0.15-0.45%) than that of the overlying laminated chert section (TOC=0.02-0.15%) and the black chert vein (TOC=0.1-0.13). The carbon isotope (delta13C) values of this lithology (-33 - -27 per mil) are also lighter than for the black-chert veins (-29--26 per mill) and the laminated black chert in the upper part of the Black Chert Member and the Vari-colored Chert Member (-27 - -13 per mil).

Especially, -40 per mill carbon isotope identified near the biomat beds. These evidences suggest that the • Iinuma, Takeshi; Kato, Teruyuki; Hori, Muneo 2005-02-01 To estimate stress changes within the crust from observed displacement rates, we have devised a new stress inversion method for a 2-D plate subjected to a planar stress which uses Airy's stress function. The merits of this stress inversion method are that it allows us to estimate the stress field without full knowledge of the elastic properties of the object and it improves precision because it is not necessary to take derivatives of observed quantities.

We applied this stress inversion method to the Japanese Islands where the Geographical Survey Institute has been operating a nationwide GPS array called `GEONET'. We make the assumption that the inelastic deformation in the Japanese Islands has no dilatational component.

We used velocity data derived from 3 yr of GPS observations. World Civilizations Ap Edition Glossary Definition there. We estimated the change in boundary traction from the seismic parameters of large earthquakes (stress drop, slip direction and recurrence interval). We compared the observed `total' strain and estimated the `elastic' strain. The results suggest that the latter looks larger than the former, indicating that it is feasible to estimate the distribution of rigidity from the stress inversion.

Comparison with seismicity data suggests that inland shallow earthquakes occur where rigidity is lower. • Lee, J.; Hong, T. K.; Chang, C.

2016-12-01 The ambient stress field is mainly influenced by regional tectonics. The stress field composition is crucial information for seismic hazard assessment. The Korean Peninsula, Japanese Islands and East Sea comprise the eastern margin of the Eurasian plate. The regions are surrounded by the Okhotsk, Pacific, and Philippine Sea plates. We investigate the regional stress field around the Korean Peninsula and Japanese islands using the focal mechanism solutions of regional earthquakes. Complex lateral and vertical variations of regional crustal stress fields are observed around a continental margin. The dominant compression directions are ENE-WSW around the Korean Peninsula and eastern China, E-W in the central East Sea and northern and southern Japan, NW-SE in the central Japan, and N-S around the northern Nankai trough.