Results Fasting plasma BCAAs decreased at V2 and remained low at V3 ( P. Accumulating evidence suggests that excess intake of animal protein is detrimental to body adiposity and metabolic health. Omnivores have higher 5-year weight gain compared to vegetarians and vegans [ ]. Animal protein intake was prospectively associated with risk of obesity in 1750 men, while plant protein was protective [ ]. In 38,000 subjects, high animal protein intake predicted twofold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes [ ]. Risk of gestational diabetes [ ] and type 2 diabetes in children [ ] also increased with high consumption of animal protein.

Among the different protein sources, red meat and poultry are the most consistently associated with weight gain, inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes [,, ]. Interventional studies [, ], albeit in contrast to epidemiologic findings [ ], also implicate dairy products in deterioration of insulin sensitivity. A notable exception to animal protein sources, in relation to adverse outcomes, is fish. Predominant fish eaters gain less weight over time [, ], and, at least in populations with prevalent obesity, fish intake is associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes [ ]. The associations of meat intake with obesity and related morbidity often persist after adjustment for fat intake [, ], suggesting that it may be the difference in amino acid composition that explains the associations. Both sulfur amino acids (SAAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are linked to human obesity and insulin resistance. Plasma BCAAs and aromatic AAs are elevated in insulin-resistant obese individuals [ ].

In normo-glycemic individuals, high concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine and phenylalanine predict future type 2 diabetes [ ] and insulin resistance [ ]. Methionine, the only essential SAA, is not associated with adiposity, but its products, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and cysteine, are [,, ]. Homocysteine and cystathionine are intermediates in the methionine-to-cysteine pathway and not typically ingested in diet. These amino acids show modest inverse and positive associations with adiposity, respectively [ ]. Perturbed BCAA metabolism in adipose tissue is thought to partly explain their elevation in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [, ]. We sought to explore another possibility, i.e., that BCAA (and SAA) elevation is at least partly attributable to dietary patterns that predispose to insulin resistance.

High intake of meat and milk increases fasting plasma BCAAs [ ]. Methionine and cysteine are more abundant in animal-derived proteins than in plant proteins [ ]. We observed modest positive associations of plasma total cysteine (tCys) with total and animal protein intakes [ ]. Despite increasing recognition of amino acids as predictors of metabolic outcomes, little is known about the dietary determinants of the human plasma amino acid profile, and how far it responds to dietary manipulation. We studied the changes in BCAAs and SAAs during a 6-week abstinence from all animal-derived protein except fish.

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Subjects The study was conducted in 36 sedentary young men and women recruited among Egyptian Orthodox Christians during their yearly religious fast. During the fasting period, which lasts 43 days and terminates on the 7th of January, subjects abstain from eating all animal-derived food apart from fish, without overall limitation of food or liquid intake. How To Fill Out Beginning Driver Experience Log. The fast resembles the Nativity Fast undertaken by Greek Orthodox Christians prior to Christmas [ ]. Data and plasma samples were collected on three visits (V1, V2, V3), where V1 was during the week prior to the start of fasting, V2 during the first week of fasting and V3 during the last week of fasting.

Exclusion criteria comprised pregnancy, weight loss of >2 kg over the last month, chronic renal or liver insufficiency, regular moderate or strenuous physical exercise, and intake of medication known to affect body composition (e.g., steroids). Thirty-four subjects completed all 3 visits. All subjects were informed about the nature of the study and signed an informed consent prior to all procedures. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. Data collection Lifestyle and dietary data Personal and family history of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (angina or myocardial infarction), and the use of lipid-lowering drugs, vitamins, or supplements were recorded using self-administered questionnaires. Cigarette smoking was recorded as current, ex-, or never-smoker.